How We Use Theory (And the Things We Don’t Say Out Loud)

What does it really mean when someone says a project is “theoretical”? As I advance in my knowledge of research, I often hear scholars use phrases like “make a theoretical contribution” in discussions – and rarely unpack what they mean. I recently read Abend’s The Meaning of Theory, and I found his breakdown of the seven different meanings helpful, especially when thinking through how we use (and sometimes misuse) theory in our fields.

Here’s my attempt to translate each type of theory into language within the context of the built environment:

Theory as a General Proposition (Theory-1)

This is the classic “if this, then that” kind of theory – a proposition that outlines the relationship between two or more variables.

“When infrastructure is improved within an area, economic activity tends to increase.”

In planning terms, this is the foundation of a lot of spatial-economic models. It’s measurable, testable, and often forms the backbone of policy justification.

Theory as an Explanation of a Specific Event (Theory-2)

This is about explaining why something happened the way it did.

“The Flatiron Building is still standing because of its solid steel-frame construction.”

It’s not trying to generalize across every context—it’s focused, grounded, and helpful when analyzing specific case studies or landmark projects.

Theory as a Way of Making Sense (Theory-3)

Sometimes, theory doesn’t explain why something happened, but it helps us interpret what it means.

“Broadway Street symbolizes the dynamism of New York, showing the city’s development over time.”

This kind of theory is especially useful in architectural history or urban design—where symbolism, memory, and meaning play just as big a role as data.

Theory as a Body of Work (Theory-4)

This is where theory becomes a conversation with past thinkers. For example, Jane Jacobs’s advocacy for community-based planning continues to shape my thinking about public infrastructure today.

Engaging with theory in this way means tracing how ideas evolve and how they shape your own practice and research.

Theory as a Lens (Theory-5)

Here, theory functions like a pair of glasses—filtering and focusing how we interpret the world.

I believe that planning decisions should not only promote equity but also convey dignity—value for life, and value for place.

This is where theory meets perspective. It colors how we see systems, space, and people.

Theory as a Vision of How the World Should Be (Theory-6)

This version of theory leans into ethics and value systems. Think participatory decision-making, feminist urbanism, and placemaking. These theories help us imagine better, more inclusive cities. They’re often the backbone of visionary planning efforts.

Theory as an Exploration of Big Questions (Theory-7)

This is the most abstract, often philosophical, and asks us to interrogate the very foundations of our discipline.

“What would it take for housing to be recognized and acted on as a human right?”

It’s the kind of theory that doesn’t always offer immediate answers but invites deep, necessary reflection.

Why This Matters

Each type of theory has its place. Together, they offer a fuller picture of how we think, practice, and plan – whether for analyzing projects or research writing. Perhaps more importantly, they can help us tell more insightful stories about the work we do.

Abend, G. (2008). The Meaning of ‘Theory’. Sociological Theory, 26(2), 173-199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2008.00324.x